{"id":12077,"date":"2026-09-17T13:36:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T11:36:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/?page_id=12077"},"modified":"2026-09-23T14:32:44","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T12:32:44","slug":"traditional-use","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/smrekova-smola\/tradicionalna-uporaba\/","title":{"rendered":"How was spruce resin traditionally used? Traditional uses throughout history"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"tradicionalna-uporaba-smrekove-smole-na-kratko\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Traditional uses of spruce resin in brief<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    Spruce resin and other conifer resins have a long history of use.\n    Historical and ethnographic sources from different parts of the world\n    most consistently describe their use for <strong>wounds and damaged\n    skin<\/strong>, but also for pain and injuries, respiratory complaints,\n    chewing and internal use, and in some veterinary practices. Resin was\n    also an important practical material in everyday life.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"smrekovit-table-scroll\">\n    <table>\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th>Area of use<\/th>\n          <th>Documented examples<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Wounds and skin<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Wounds, cuts, suppurating wounds, boils, cracks and other forms of\n            damaged skin represent the strongest historical pattern. In\n            Slovenia, this is supported not only by published ethnographic\n            works but also by numerous independent field records.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Pain, joints and injuries<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Resin preparations are documented in connection with rheumatic\n            pain, painful areas, swelling and various injuries. Slovenian field\n            records also describe plasters and other resin preparations used\n            in such contexts.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Respiratory and internal use<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            In different traditions resin was chewed or taken internally,\n            while resin preparations were also used in connection with coughs\n            and other respiratory complaints.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Animals<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Veterinary uses of resinous materials are documented in several\n            traditions. Slovenian field records concerning animals particularly\n            mention turpentine and other resinous materials, so these accounts\n            should not automatically be equated with the direct use of spruce\n            resin.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Practical uses<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Resins served as adhesives, water-resistant coatings, combustible\n            material, chewing material and raw material for many other purposes.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>\n    Individual traditions differed in the tree species used, the preparation\n    of the resin and the way it was applied. It is therefore important to\n    distinguish <strong>spruce resin from other conifer resins and from already\n    processed resinous materials<\/strong>, even where their traditional uses\n    partly overlap.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    This page focuses primarily on <strong>what resin was used for<\/strong>.\n    How ointments, plasters and other resin preparations were made is described\n    in more detail on the page\n    <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/traditional-preparation\/\">How was spruce resin ointment traditionally prepared?<\/a>\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block toc\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#tradicionalna-uporaba-smrekove-smole-na-kratko\">Traditional uses of spruce resin in brief<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#kaj-pravzaprav-pomeni-tradicionalna-uporaba\">What does \u201ctraditional use\u201d actually mean?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#rane-in-poskodovana-koza-najpogosteje-dokumentirana-uporaba\">Wounds and damaged skin \u2013 the most commonly documented use<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#smrekova-smola-pri-bolecinah-sklepih-in-poskodbah\">Spruce resin for pain, joints and injuries<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#dihala-zvecenje-in-notranja-uporaba-smole\">Respiratory use, chewing and internal use of resin<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#uporaba-smole-pri-zivalih\">Use of resin in animals<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#smola-ni-bila-samo-zdravilo-prakticna-uporaba-v-vsakdanjem-zivljenju\">Resin was not only a remedy \u2013 practical uses in everyday life<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#kako-se-je-uporaba-smol-razlikovala-med-razlicnimi-kraji\">How did the use of resins differ between regions?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#kaj-nam-zgodovinska-uporaba-pove-in-cesa-ne\">What does historical use tell us \u2013 and what does it not tell us?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#od-tradicionalne-uporabe-do-danasnjih-pripravkov\">From traditional use to modern preparations<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#pogosta-vprasanja-o-tradicionalni-uporabi-smrekove-smole\">Frequently asked questions about the traditional use of spruce resin<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"kaj-pravzaprav-pomeni-tradicionalna-uporaba\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What does \u201ctraditional use\u201d actually mean?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    Traditional resin use did not mean one single practice that was the same\n    everywhere. The way resin was used depended on the environment, available\n    tree species, local knowledge and methods of preparation. Historical\n    sources therefore describe raw resin as well as ointments, plasters,\n    cooked preparations and other forms.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    The term <em>resin<\/em> and older local names were not always\n    unambiguous. Sources refer to spruce, pine, fir and larch resins, as well\n    as to already processed resinous materials. Some names had a distinctly\n    local meaning: in individual records, for example, <em>pilpuh<\/em> or\n    <em>pilpoh<\/em> is directly associated with spruce resin, while related\n    terms elsewhere also occur for resins from other conifers.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    The same applies to terms such as <em>smolnak<\/em>, <em>smovnak<\/em>,\n    traditional ointment names and <em>shoemaker&#8217;s resin<\/em>. These do not\n    necessarily refer to the same material or process. Some designate a\n    particular preparation or form of processing and therefore should not\n    automatically be equated with raw tree resin. To understand an individual\n    record, it is important to know\n    <strong>which plant the material came from, in what form it was used and\n    what the particular term meant in its local context<\/strong>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Historical names for the conditions for which resin was used also belong\n    to their own period. Terms such as wound, boil, suppuration, swelling,\n    rheumatic pain or \u201cconsumption\u201d therefore cannot always be mapped directly\n    onto modern medical diagnoses.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    This page follows primarily well-documented patterns of use and, wherever\n    possible, distinguishes spruce resin from other resin types and from\n    processed resinous materials. More about what\n    <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/\">spruce resin<\/a> is, how it forms and its\n    characteristics can be found on the main page about spruce resin.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"rane-in-poskodovana-koza-najpogosteje-dokumentirana-uporaba\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wounds and damaged skin \u2013 the most commonly documented use<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    Among the historical uses of conifer resins, their use for\n    <strong>wounds and damaged skin<\/strong> appears most consistently.\n    Such records are known from Slovenia, northern Europe, North America and\n    Asia. Tree species, resinous materials and preparation methods differed,\n    yet the basic pattern recurs in widely separated regions.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Spruce resin for wounds in Slovenia<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Meta Sterle directly records the use of\n    <strong>spruce resin on old and fresh wounds<\/strong> in the \u0160kofja Loka\n    region and describes forestry workers applying a thick layer of resin to\n    a gaping wound. For suppurating wounds, she records both pure resin and\n    preparations combining resin with wax, linseed oil, fat or honey.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Vinko M\u00f6derndorfer documented spruce resin on cleaned wounds in the\n    Cerkno region and also recorded larch, fir and more generally tree resins\n    in other parts of Slovenia. These published sources already show that\n    the use of resin for wounds was not restricted to one locality or one\n    conifer species.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Field records of the Slovene Ethnographic Museum<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    This picture is now considerably strengthened by primary field records\n    held by the Slovene Ethnographic Museum. A systematic review of 1,252\n    transcribed field records identified 29 records directly or supportively\n    relevant to resin and resin preparations. Several independent records\n    <strong>explicitly mention spruce resin in connection with wounds or\n    suppurating wounds<\/strong>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    At Radohova vas near Sti\u010dna, <strong>pure spruce resin<\/strong> was\n    recorded for suppurating wounds; at Petru\u0161nja vas spruce resin was\n    recorded for wounds and a sickle cut; and at Log near Mokronog it appears\n    again in connection with suppurating wounds. A particularly informative\n    1949 record from Gojnice distinguishes\n    <strong>pine resin used as incense<\/strong> from\n    <strong>spruce resin used for wounds<\/strong>. This is important because\n    it shows that the word \u201cresin\u201d was not necessarily being used as an\n    undifferentiated category in field accounts.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Suppurating wounds, boils and resin preparations<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Slovenian records describe more than the direct application of resin.\n    Ointments and plasters containing resin together with wax, oil, butter,\n    tallow or bone marrow also occur in connection with wounds, suppuration\n    and boils. Such combinations are documented in the Postojna region,\n    Dolenjska, around Sti\u010dna and in the Trenta and So\u010da valleys.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Some records also preserve the historical folk expression that resin or\n    a resin preparation was believed to <em>\u201cdraw something out\u201d<\/em>.\n    This wording is useful as evidence of how informants understood the\n    practice, rather than as a modern explanation of a biological mechanism.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    More detailed recipes, combinations of resin with fats and wax, and the\n    preparation of these ointments and plasters are presented on the page\n    about\n    <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/traditional-preparation\/\">traditional preparation of resin preparations<\/a>.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image case-image-overlay\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1-1024x768.webp\" alt=\"Meta Sterle\u2019s record of the use of spruce resin for wounds in the \u0160kofja Loka area\" class=\"wp-image-12055\" style=\"width:700px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/sterle-smola-vosek-laneno-olje-tolsca-stran-107-4x3-1.webp 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Record of the use of spruce resin and resin preparations for wounds in the \u0160kofja Loka area. Meta Sterle, \u201cLjudsko zdravilstvo na Lo\u0161kem\u201d, p. 107.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <h3>A similar pattern outside Slovenia<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    In Finland, the connection between spruce resin and wounds is documented\n    in older written sources. In the nineteenth century, Elias L\u00f6nnrot\n    recorded the use of resin from Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies<\/em>) for\n    wounds, while later Finnish sources also describe traditional resin\n    preparations for various forms of damaged skin.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Similar records are known from North America. Ethnobotanical sources\n    describe the use of conifer resins or balsams for wounds and other skin\n    injuries among several Indigenous peoples. Among the Gwich\u2019in, for\n    example, fresh sticky spruce resin is described for cuts and irritated\n    skin, while older hardened resin had other uses.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Cracks, boils, suppurating wounds and other skin injuries<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    The historical record is not limited to ordinary cuts. Sources from\n    different regions also describe <strong>skin cracks, boils, suppurating\n    wounds, ulcers and other more persistent injuries<\/strong>. In the\n    Himalayas, for example, the oleoresin of <em>Picea smithiana<\/em> is\n    documented for cracked heels, while other conifers from the same region\n    were also used for wounds, boils and abscesses.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    With the addition of the Slovenian field records, this pattern becomes\n    even clearer: resin use for damaged skin recurs not only across widely\n    separated cultures but also in several independent Slovenian local\n    records. Wounds and damaged skin therefore remain the\n    <strong>best-documented area of traditional use of spruce and other\n    conifer resins<\/strong>.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"smrekova-smola-pri-bolecinah-sklepih-in-poskodbah\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spruce resin for pain, joints and injuries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    In addition to wounds, historical sources also describe resin\n    preparations in connection with <strong>pain, rheumatic complaints,\n    swelling and injuries<\/strong>. This group of uses is less uniform and\n    less extensively documented than use for wounds, but it appears in\n    Slovenian sources as well as in several other traditions.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Rheumatic pain in Slovenian sources<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Meta Sterle describes the so-called <strong>Ko\u010dar black ointment<\/strong>\n    from the \u0160kofja Loka region, prepared from cooked spruce resin, camphor\n    and spirit. The source records it in connection with rheumatic pain,\n    making it a clear Slovenian example of spruce resin in this historical\n    context.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    A further direct example comes from a Slovene Ethnographic Museum field\n    record from <strong>Hrenovice in 1981<\/strong>. The informant recalled\n    that his mother cooked <strong>\u201cpilpuh or spruce resin\u201d, virh and other\n    ingredients<\/strong> for plasters, spread the mixture on linen cloth and\n    attached it to the painful area. He explicitly stated that it was used\n    \u201cfor rheumatism\u201d.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    A 1951 field record from Su\u017eid near Kobarid also mentions a combination\n    of <strong>resin and animal fat<\/strong> applied to a painful area. The\n    resin species is not identified, so this is best treated as supporting\n    evidence for the broader traditional use of resin preparations rather\n    than as direct evidence for spruce resin.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    These terms did not refer to one standard preparation. Black ointments,\n    plasters and other resin preparations differed between places in both\n    composition and method of preparation. Their historical recipes are\n    discussed in more detail on the page about\n    <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/traditional-preparation\/\">traditional preparation of resin preparations<\/a>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Joints, swelling and injuries in other traditions<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Similar themes are not limited to Slovenia. Tibetan sources describe\n    resins from certain spruce species (<em>Picea<\/em>) in connection with\n    <strong>joint complaints and tendon injuries<\/strong>, while a Korean\n    traditional source lists painful and swollen joints and traumatic\n    injuries among uses of pine resin.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Pain, swelling and injury therefore recur in connection with resinous\n    materials across several geographically distant traditions. This\n    historical pattern is, however, <strong>more varied and less uniform\n    than the pattern seen for wounds<\/strong>: tree species, resin\n    preparations, local terminology and methods of use all differed.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"dihala-zvecenje-in-notranja-uporaba-smole\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Respiratory use, chewing and internal use of resin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    Resins were not used only externally. Several traditions also document\n    <strong>chewing resin, taking resin preparations internally, and their\n    use in connection with coughs and respiratory complaints<\/strong>.\n    It is especially important here to distinguish between tree species,\n    raw resin and already processed preparations.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Pilpoh and smolnak in Slovenian sources<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Meta Sterle records the consumption of\n    <strong>spruce resin known as pilpoh<\/strong> in the \u0160kofja Loka region\n    in connection with the historical term \u201cconsumption\u201d and pulmonary\n    complaints. In this particular source, pilpoh is directly associated\n    with spruce resin.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    The term was not unambiguous everywhere. M\u00f6derndorfer also associates\n    related terms such as <em>pilpoh<\/em>, <em>pilpah<\/em> and\n    <em>pilpali<\/em> with fir and larch resin in other regions. Pilpoh\n    therefore cannot be treated as a universal Slovenian synonym for spruce\n    resin; the specific local context has to be considered.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    A different example is the <strong>smolnak from Sorica<\/strong>\n    described by Mira Omerzel-Terlep. This was not simply a piece of raw\n    resin but a particular processed resin preparation. According to the\n    record, drops were placed on sugar and the preparation was also used for\n    coughs and respiratory complaints. Its preparation is described in more\n    detail on the page\n    <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/traditional-preparation\/\">How was spruce resin ointment traditionally prepared?<\/a>\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Chewing spruce resin<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Chewing spruce resin is also documented in Slovenia. Ethnographic\n    summaries mention the practice in Bohinj, while similar practices are\n    known from northern Europe and North America.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    The Gwich\u2019in record is particularly illustrative. They distinguished\n    between <strong>fresh, sticky spruce resin<\/strong> and\n    <strong>old, hard resin<\/strong>: the former was used on damaged skin,\n    while hardened resin was also chewed. The choice of material was\n    therefore connected to its age, hardness and other perceptible\n    properties.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Commercial production of so-called <em>spruce gum<\/em> also developed\n    in North America during the nineteenth century. Official historical\n    sources from Maine place J. B. Curtis&#8217;s early commercial manufacture of\n    chewing gum from spruce resin in 1848.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Coughs, colds, smoke and steam<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Outside Slovenia, resins and other aromatic conifer materials also appear\n    in connection with respiratory uses. North American ethnobotanical sources\n    describe balsams and other conifer materials for colds, inhalation, smoke\n    and steam baths. In the ancient Mediterranean world, Dioscorides also\n    listed mastic among materials used for a persistent cough.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Respiratory and internal uses of resins were geographically diverse,\n    ranging from chewing and ingestion to balsams, smoke, steam and\n    specialised processed preparations. These traditions therefore should\n    not be treated as one uniform use of a single resin type.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image case-image-overlay\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-1024x572.webp\" alt=\"Historic packaging of Yankee spruce resin chewing gum\" class=\"wp-image-12088\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-1024x572.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-300x167.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-767x428.webp 767w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-1536x857.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-18x10.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-598x334.webp 598w, https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/rekonstrukcija-spruce-gum-2048x1143.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Reconstruction of historic packaging for American chewing gum made from spruce resin. \u201cSpruce gum\u201d became a commercial product especially in Maine in the 19th century.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"uporaba-smole-pri-zivalih\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Use of resin in animals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    Historical sources also record resinous materials in the\n    <strong>care of animals<\/strong>. These accounts are more varied than\n    those concerning wounds in humans: they mention resin, processed resin\n    preparations, turpentine and mixtures with fats, and these materials\n    cannot always be equated with spruce resin.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Slovenian examples<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    One of the clearer Slovenian examples is <strong>Tonc&#8217;s smolnak from\n    Sorica<\/strong>, described by Mira Omerzel-Terlep. It was a processed\n    preparation made from spruce resin, with a composition that is not fully\n    known, and according to the recorded tradition it was used for both\n    people and livestock.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Mojca Ram\u0161ak also summarises an account of\n    <strong>Bicler&#8217;s ointment<\/strong> from the Lobnica area above Ru\u0161e,\n    associated with wounds in both people and livestock. Its ingredients\n    reportedly included pilpoh, camphor and birch oil. However, the historical\n    term <em>pilpoh<\/em> referred to different resinous materials in different\n    regions and cannot automatically be equated with spruce resin.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>What do the Slovene Ethnographic Museum field records add?<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    The new review of Slovene Ethnographic Museum field records confirms\n    that resinous materials also formed part of veterinary practice. In these\n    animal-related records, however, <strong>turpentine<\/strong> appears\n    particularly often, including in connection with injuries to cattle,\n    damaged hooves and other livestock problems.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    These accounts are important for the history of resinous materials, but\n    they should not be presented as direct evidence for the traditional use\n    of <strong>spruce resin<\/strong>. The word turpentine in older field\n    records also does not necessarily identify exactly the same chemically\n    defined material that the term denotes today.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Similar practices elsewhere<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Veterinary resin preparations are also documented elsewhere in Europe.\n    S\u00e1mi traditions in northern Europe, for example, include mixtures of\n    <strong>animal fat with pine or fir resin<\/strong>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Historical sources therefore clearly show that resinous materials were\n    not used only for people. At the same time, veterinary records make it\n    especially important to distinguish between <strong>spruce resin, other\n    conifer resins, turpentine and processed resin preparations<\/strong>.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"smola-ni-bila-samo-zdravilo-prakticna-uporaba-v-vsakdanjem-zivljenju\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resin was not only a remedy \u2013 practical uses in everyday life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    Throughout history, resin was far more than a material used in folk\n    medicine. Its <strong>adhesiveness, water resistance, combustibility and\n    ability to harden<\/strong> made it useful for many practical everyday\n    tasks.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Adhesion, sealing and protection against water<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Resinous materials were used as natural adhesives and for filling,\n    sealing and protecting wooden objects. North American ethnobotanical\n    sources document resinous materials in the construction and maintenance\n    of canoes, while in Europe and the Mediterranean various resins and\n    processed resinous materials were also used to protect wood and vessels.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Incense, fire and other everyday purposes<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Resinous wood and other resin-rich materials were also useful because\n    they burned readily. In different regions they were used for starting\n    fires, lighting, incense and fragrant materials.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    A Slovenian field record from <strong>Gojnice in 1949<\/strong> provides\n    a particularly clear example of such distinctions. In the same record,\n    the informant mentions <strong>pine resin as Christmas incense<\/strong>\n    and separately associates spruce resin with wounds. This shows that\n    different resins could also be distinguished according to their purpose.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>From tree resin to craft material<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Not every historical material described as \u201cresin\u201d was a raw tree\n    exudate. A field record from Rojci near Koper, for example, mentions\n    <strong>shoemaker&#8217;s resin<\/strong>, which according to the account had to\n    be very clean and was heated with a little oil before use. This was an\n    already processed or technical resinous material and should not be\n    equated with raw spruce or pine resin.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Similarly, terms such as <em>pitch<\/em>, smolnak, smovnak and other craft\n    resin products may refer to materials that had already been heated,\n    separated or otherwise processed.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Knowledge of the material was part of the tradition<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Such practical uses show that people understood not only\n    <strong>what<\/strong> resin could be used for, but also its material\n    properties. They distinguished softer from harder material, fresh from\n    older resin, and different ways of heating, mixing and processing it.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    This broader knowledge of the material also helps explain traditional\n    medicinal uses. Resin formed part of everyday knowledge about forests,\n    raw materials and their behaviour rather than being an isolated\n    substance with a single purpose.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"kako-se-je-uporaba-smol-razlikovala-med-razlicnimi-kraji\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How did the use of resins differ between regions?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    A comparison of historical sources quickly shows that there was no single\n    \u201cspruce resin tradition\u201d. Different regions used\n    <strong>different conifer species, different forms of resin and different\n    methods of preparation and use<\/strong>. Even so, several basic patterns\n    recur across widely separated geographical areas.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"smrekovit-table-scroll\">\n    <table>\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th>Region<\/th>\n          <th>Documented materials<\/th>\n          <th>Characteristic uses<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Slovenia<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Spruce, fir, larch, pine and juniper resins; direct tree resin,\n            ointments and plasters, smolnak, shoemaker&#8217;s resin, turpentine and\n            other resinous materials.\n          <\/td>\n          <td>\n            Most prominently wounds and suppurating wounds; also rheumatic\n            pain, painful areas, chewing and internal use, some veterinary\n            practices, incense and other practical uses.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Alpine and northern Europe<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Spruce, fir and larch resins, balsams and mixtures of resin with\n            fats and other ingredients.\n          <\/td>\n          <td>\n            Wounds and damaged skin, respiratory uses, chewing, internal use\n            and veterinary preparations.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>North America<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Spruce resins and balsams, together with resins and processed\n            materials from various pines and other conifers.\n          <\/td>\n          <td>\n            Wounds and damaged skin, chewing hardened spruce resin, colds,\n            steam and inhalation practices, and numerous practical uses.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Mediterranean and antiquity<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Various plant resins, mastic, terebinth-related materials and\n            other processed resinous materials.\n          <\/td>\n          <td>\n            Wounds, ulcers, burns, oral and internal use, chewing and numerous\n            technical and craft applications.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n          <td><strong>Himalaya and East Asia<\/strong><\/td>\n          <td>\n            Resins from several <em>Picea<\/em> species together with pine and\n            other conifer resins.\n          <\/td>\n          <td>\n            Wounds, skin cracks, boils and abscesses, swelling, joint\n            complaints and traumatic injuries.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>\n    One particularly strong shared theme is\n    <strong>use for wounds and damaged skin<\/strong>. It appears in almost\n    all of the regions compared, although the tree species, state of the resin\n    and preparation were not always the same. Slovenian field records further\n    strengthen this pattern by directly documenting spruce resin for wounds\n    and suppurating wounds in several different places.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Regional differences are also clearly visible in the material itself.\n    Some traditions used resin directly from the tree, others resin from bark\n    blisters, older hardened resin or mixtures with fats and wax, while still\n    others used already processed materials such as smolnak, shoemaker&#8217;s\n    resin or turpentine. The historical word \u201cresin\u201d therefore cannot be\n    assumed to refer to the same material in every source.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Differences in preparation \u2013 from direct application to cooking,\n    combining resin with fats and wax, and other forms of processing \u2013 are\n    described in more detail on the page about\n    <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/traditional-preparation\/\">traditional preparation of resin preparations<\/a>.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"kaj-nam-zgodovinska-uporaba-pove-in-cesa-ne\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What does historical use tell us \u2013 and what does it not tell us?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    When historical and ethnographic sources are considered together,\n    several clear patterns emerge. The strongest is the use of spruce and\n    other conifer resins for <strong>wounds and damaged skin<\/strong>. This\n    theme appears in Europe, North America and Asia and is now also strongly\n    documented by several independent Slovenian field records.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Slovenian sources do not describe only one form of use. Spruce resin\n    appears as a <strong>direct application<\/strong>, while resinous\n    materials also occur in ointments and plasters. Across different\n    localities, the combination of resin with <strong>fat or oil and\n    wax<\/strong> recurs repeatedly. This is one of the clearest recurring\n    technological patterns in the Slovenian material.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    At the same time, the sources show that \u201cresin\u201d was not one single\n    material. They describe direct tree resin, fresher and older resin\n    exudates, resins from different conifers, and cooked or otherwise\n    processed preparations. Smolnak, shoemaker&#8217;s resin, turpentine and pure\n    spruce resin are therefore not simply different names for the same\n    substance.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Some sources also show that the choice of material was connected with\n    its use. Among the Gwich\u2019in, for example, fresh sticky spruce resin was\n    distinguished from old hard resin used for chewing. In the Pohorje\n    region, the collection of naturally exuded spruce-resin drops that were\n    already nearly solid is also documented. More about resin on the tree\n    and how it was collected is described on the page about\n    <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/collection\/\">collecting spruce resin<\/a>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Historical sources generally do not tell us\n    <strong>why a particular composition was chosen, which chemical\n    properties were important in each use, or what effect a particular\n    preparation actually had<\/strong>. They primarily document which\n    materials people used, what they called them, how they prepared them and\n    in what circumstances they were used.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    The recurrence of similar practices across different places and periods\n    is nevertheless historically and scientifically interesting. It does not\n    reveal one single \u201ccorrect\u201d traditional recipe, but a long and varied\n    history of working with resins in which several motifs \u2013 especially\n    wounds, direct use of resin, and mixtures with fats and wax \u2013 appear\n    repeatedly.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"od-tradicionalne-uporabe-do-danasnjih-pripravkov\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">From traditional use to modern preparations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    Traditional uses of spruce resin did not survive only in old\n    ethnographic records. Some knowledge was also transmitted personally and\n    within families, changing and adapting over time.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    The story of Smrekovit also grew out of such contact with folk tradition.\n    In the 1970s, Ivo Konc encountered the use of a resin preparation remembered\n    in the family tradition as \u201cblack resin\u201d, and later developed a different\n    spruce-resin preparation through his own work.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    In an archival interview for Gorenjska Television in 2001, he said that\n    he had made <strong>\u201csomething similar to pre\u017ela\u201d<\/strong>, while\n    emphasising that his own preparation was <strong>\u201cnot sticky, not\n    black\u201d<\/strong>. Rather than simply adopting an old recipe, he developed\n    a different preparation from which the later story of Smrekovit evolved.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Ivo Konc o za\u010detkih Smrekovita (2001)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TlH9r5MKU14?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <p>\n    <em>Archival interview with Ivo Konc for Gorenjska Television, 2001.\n    The full transcript is available on the page\n    <a href=\"\/en\/ivo-konc-gtv\/\">Ivo Konc \u2013 archival interview<\/a>.<\/em>\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Today&#8217;s <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-ointment\/\">Smrekovit Klasik<\/a> is the result\n    of further development over several decades. Traditional spruce resin use\n    forms an important part of its historical background, while the current\n    product is a distinct modern preparation.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"pogosta-vprasanja-o-tradicionalni-uporabi-smrekove-smole\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently asked questions about the traditional use of spruce resin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block\">\n\n  <div class=\"smrekovit-faq\">\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>What was spruce resin traditionally used for?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        The best-documented use of spruce and other conifer resins is for\n        wounds and damaged skin. Historical sources also describe uses\n        connected with rheumatic pain and injuries, chewing and internal use,\n        respiratory complaints, and some veterinary practices. Resins also\n        had many practical purposes, ranging from incense and adhesives to\n        sealing and other craft uses.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>Was spruce resin used for wounds?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        Yes. This is the best-documented area of traditional use. Slovenian\n        sources directly describe spruce resin for old and fresh wounds,\n        cuts and suppurating wounds. Several independent field records held by\n        the Slovene Ethnographic Museum document such use in different parts\n        of Slovenia, while similar practices are also known from northern\n        Europe, North America and Asia.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>Was resin mixed with fat, oil or wax?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        Yes. This is one of the clearest recurring patterns in Slovenian\n        ethnographic sources. Preparations combining resin with butter,\n        tallow or other fats, oil, beeswax, bone marrow and other ingredients\n        are documented. The recipes were not standardised, but combinations\n        of resinous material with fat or oil and wax recur in several\n        separate local traditions. More examples are presented on the page\n        about\n        <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-resin\/traditional-preparation\/\">traditional preparation of resin preparations<\/a>.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>Did people chew spruce resin?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        Yes. Chewing spruce resin is documented in Slovenia, including in\n        ethnographic material from Bohinj, while similar practices are known\n        from northern Europe and North America. Among the Gwich\u2019in there is a\n        particularly clear distinction between fresh sticky resin used for\n        other purposes and old hard spruce resin that was also chewed. In\n        nineteenth-century North America, so-called <em>spruce gum<\/em> also\n        became a commercial product.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>Was spruce resin also used internally?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        Yes. Internal use of spruce resin known as <em>pilpoh<\/em> is\n        documented in the \u0160kofja Loka region, while Sorica provides a record\n        of internal use of the processed preparation known as smolnak. Other\n        Slovenian and international sources describe additional forms of\n        consuming or chewing resinous materials. These records need to be\n        interpreted with attention to the tree species, the form of the resin\n        and whether the material had already been processed.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>What does the term pilpoh or pilpuh mean?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        The term did not have exactly the same meaning everywhere. Meta\n        Sterle directly associates <em>pilpoh<\/em> with spruce resin in the\n        \u0160kofja Loka region, while a 1981 field record from Hrenovice even uses\n        the wording <em>\u201cpilpuh or spruce resin\u201d<\/em>. In other Slovenian\n        sources, related terms also occur for fir and larch resin. Pilpoh\n        therefore cannot be treated as a universal Slovenian synonym solely\n        for spruce resin; its meaning depends on the specific local source.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>What was smolnak?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        Smolnak from Sorica was a particular processed preparation made from\n        spruce resin rather than simply raw resin from a tree. The surviving\n        account describes a specific preparation process and a liquid that\n        darkened and thickened after leaving the apparatus. Smolnak should\n        also not automatically be equated with terms such as smovnak,\n        turpentine or other historical resinous materials.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>Was resin also used for animals?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        Yes, but historical records refer to several different resinous\n        materials. Slovenian sources include individual resin preparations\n        used for livestock, while animal-related field records from the\n        Slovene Ethnographic Museum particularly mention turpentine. It would\n        therefore be inaccurate to present all veterinary records as direct\n        uses of spruce resin. Veterinary mixtures of different resins with\n        fats are also documented in other European traditions.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>Were all traditional resins the same?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        No. Sources mention spruce, pine, fir, larch, juniper and other plant\n        resins. Their forms also differed: resin used directly from the tree,\n        older hardened resin, cooked mixtures, ointments, plasters, smolnak,\n        shoemaker&#8217;s resin, turpentine and other processed materials. The word\n        \u201cresin\u201d alone therefore does not tell us exactly what material was\n        involved.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details>\n      <summary>Is today&#8217;s Smrekovit the same as historical resin preparations?<\/summary>\n      <p>\n        No. Traditional spruce resin use forms an important part of\n        Smrekovit&#8217;s historical background, but today&#8217;s\n        <a href=\"\/en\/spruce-ointment\/\">Smrekovit Klasik<\/a> is a distinct modern\n        preparation that has continued to develop over several decades. It is\n        not a direct copy of one particular historical recipe.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/details>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"translation-block article-footer-meta\">\n\n  <p>\n    <strong>Author:<\/strong> Matic Konc<br>\n    <strong>Last content review:<\/strong> 23 September 2026\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    This article is based on historical, ethnographic, ethnobotanical,\n    community and modern scientific sources. Comparisons distinguish between\n    tree species, the type of resinous material, methods of preparation and\n    the historical context of each record. The Slovenian section was also\n    supplemented by a systematic review of field material from the Slovene\n    Ethnographic Museum.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p><strong>Slovenian ethnographic and historical sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li>\n      Slovene Ethnographic Museum (SEM), field records on folk medicine and\n      traditional practices, mainly 1949\u20131983. A systematic review covered\n      1,252 transcribed field records; after duplicates and irrelevant\n      matches were excluded, 29 records were selected as directly or\n      supportively relevant to resin and resin preparations. Selected\n      original manuscript records were also checked.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Meta Sterle, \u00bbLjudsko zdravilstvo na Lo\u0161kem\u00ab,\n      <em>Lo\u0161ki razgledi<\/em> 37 (1990), no. 1;\n      especially pp. 95, 106\u2013108 and 113\u2013115.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dlib.si\/details\/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-YJKDOS7S\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digital edition<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Vinko M\u00f6derndorfer, <em>Ljudska medicina pri Slovencih<\/em>.\n      Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, 1964;\n      especially pp. 121\u2013122, 194, 221, 230 and 250\u2013252.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sistory.si\/publication\/34870\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digital edition<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Mira Omerzel-Terlep,\n      <em>Konji \u2013 na\u0161e pravljice. Zgodbe o konjih, konjerejcih in furmanih\n      izpod Sori\u0161ke planine in Ratitovca<\/em>.\n      Radovljica: Didakta, 1996; chapter \u00bb\u010cude\u017eni smolnak\u00ab, pp. 131\u2013136.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Mojca Ram\u0161ak, \u00bbUporaba smole in drugih delov iglavcev v ljudski\n      medicini in gospodarstvu na Slovenskem\u00ab, in Meta Remec (ed.),\n      <em>Gozd in ljudje \u2013 razmerja in zgodovina<\/em>.\n      Ljubljana: In\u0161titut za novej\u0161o zgodovino, 2023, pp. 159\u2013189.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/omp.inz.si\/zalozba\/sl\/catalog\/book\/158\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Publication<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p><strong>Finland, Sweden and S\u00e1mi traditions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li>\n      Elias L\u00f6nnrot &amp; Thiodolf Saelan,\n      <em>Flora Fennica: Suomen kasvio<\/em>, revised edition.\n      Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1866;\n      especially pp. 366\u2013367.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Arno Sipponen,\n      <em>Coniferous resin salve, ancient and effective treatment for chronic wounds?\n      Laboratory and clinical studies<\/em>.\n      Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki, 2013.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Rautio, M. et al. (2007),\n      \u00bbAntibacterial effects of home-made resin salve from Norway spruce\n      (<em>Picea abies<\/em>)\u00ab.\n      <em>APMIS<\/em> 115:335\u2013340.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_548.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Jokinen, J. J. &amp; Sipponen, A. (2016),\n      \u00bbRefined Spruce Resin to Treat Chronic Wounds: Rebirth of an Old\n      Folkloristic Therapy\u00ab.\n      <em>Advances in Wound Care<\/em> 5:198\u2013207.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/wound.2013.0492\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Holmbom, T., Reunanen, M. &amp; Fardim, P. (2008),\n      \u00bbComposition of callus resin of Norway spruce, Scots pine,\n      European larch and Douglas fir\u00ab.\n      <em>Holzforschung<\/em> 62:417\u2013422.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      DuBois, T. A. &amp; Lang, J. F. (2013),\n      \u00bbJohan Turi\u2019s animal, mineral, vegetable cures and healing practices:\n      an in-depth analysis of Sami (Saami) folk healing one hundred years ago\u00ab.\n      <em>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine<\/em> 9:57.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4269-9-57\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Liu-Helmersson, J., Sedholm, O., Arnold, T., Ponga, A. &amp; Spik, L. (2023),\n      \u00bbS\u00e1mi plants use and relations with nature: S\u00e1mi Indigenous People\u2019s\n      tradition on uses of plants for healing\/health and S\u00e1mi relationship\n      with nature \u2013 an interview study in northern Sweden\u00ab.\n      <em>Journal of Arctic Studies<\/em> 6:179\u2013248.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Sipponen, A. et al. (2008),\n      \u00bbBeneficial effect of resin salve in treatment of severe pressure ulcers:\n      a prospective, randomized and controlled multicentre trial\u00ab.\n      <em>British Journal of Dermatology<\/em> 158:1055\u20131062.\n    <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p><strong>North America and the history of spruce gum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li>\n      Smith, Huron H. (1932),\n      \u00bbEthnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians\u00ab.\n      <em>Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee<\/em>\n      4(3):327\u2013525.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Smith, Huron H. (1923),\n      \u00bbEthnobotany of the Menomini Indians\u00ab.\n      <em>Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee<\/em>\n      4(1):1\u2013174.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Smith, Huron H. (1933),\n      <em>Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians<\/em>.\n      Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Gilmore, Melvin R. (1919),\n      <em>Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region<\/em>.\n      Bureau of American Ethnology.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Gwich\u2019in Social &amp; Cultural Institute,\n      <em>Spruce<\/em>. Community ethnobotanical source describing white and\n      black spruce, including the distinction between old hard resin used for\n      chewing and fresh sticky resin used for other purposes.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/gwichin.ca\/plant-uses\/tools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gwich\u2019in Social &amp; Cultural Institute<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      <em>Ojibwe People\u2019s Dictionary<\/em>, University of Minnesota,\n      entries <em>bigiw<\/em> and <em>bigiins<\/em> and related terminology\n      for resinous materials.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Maine Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics,\n      <em>Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics\n      for the State of Maine, 1892<\/em>.\n      Augusta: Burleigh &amp; Flynt, 1893;\n      chapter \u00bbGum Manufacture\u00ab, pp. 38\u201340.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Maine Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics,\n      <em>Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial and Labor\n      Statistics for the State of Maine, 1905<\/em>.\n      Augusta: Kennebec Journal Print, 1906;\n      chapter \u00bbChewing Gum\u00ab, pp. 159\u2013160.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Dave Fuller, \u00bbRemembering Spruce Gum\u00ab,\n      <em>Northern Woodlands<\/em>, 2011.\n      Additional historical overview of spruce-gum collecting and\n      commercialisation in Maine.\n    <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p><strong>Himalaya, East Asia and comparative sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li>\n      Singh, H., Saklani, A. &amp; Lal, B. (1990),\n      \u00bbEthnobotanical Observations on Some Gymnosperms of Garhwal Himalaya,\n      Uttar Pradesh, India\u00ab.\n      <em>Economic Botany<\/em> 44(3):349\u2013354.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4255251\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JSTOR<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Langenheim, Jean H. (2003),\n      <em>Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany<\/em>.\n      Timber Press; especially pp. 323\u2013326 and 453\u2013455.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine\n      Research, <em>Tibetan Medicinal Resources Database: Picea crassifolia<\/em>.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      iFlora \/ Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,\n      entry for <em>Picea likiangensis<\/em> var. <em>balfouriana<\/em> \/\n      var. <em>rubescens<\/em>, ethnobotany section.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal (2007),\n      <em>Pini Resina \u2013 Myeongsongji (\u660e\u677e\u8102); Pinus tabulaeformis<\/em>.\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20929\/KTKP.MED.0000077696\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p><strong>Ancient sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li>\n      <em>Hippocratic Corpus, On Ulcers<\/em>,\n      especially sections 5 and 12\u201313.\n    <\/li>\n    <li>\n      Dioscorides, <em>De Materia Medica<\/em>, Book I, 1.90\u20131.98;\n      Osbaldeston &amp; Wood edition\/translation, 2000.\n    <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p><strong>Smrekovit archive<\/strong><\/p>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li>\n      Ivo Konc, archival interview for Gorenjska Television, 2001.\n      <a href=\"\/en\/ivo-konc-gtv\/\">Transcript and archival video<\/a>.\n    <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Throughout history, people used spruce resin in many different ways \u2013 in folk medicine, in caring for injuries, and for numerous practical tasks. Historical and ethnographic sources from Slovenia, the Alps, northern Europe and North America show that there was no single \u201ctraditional use\u201d, but rather a range of practices shaped by the environment, the period and the types of resin available.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12087,"parent":1147,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12077","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12077"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12169,"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12077\/revisions\/12169"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1147"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12087"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smrekovit.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}